The panic response after 9/11 was understandably riddled with errors. The horrific attack in the heart of New York required a military response, or so was the reasoning — especially because the attack, in and of itself, was seen as an act of war. Article five of the Nato Charter, which stipulates that an armed attack against one or more of the Nato member states is regarded as an attack against all, was invoked for the first time in history.

The ensuing war did not bring about a solution. Violence usually leads to increased violence and hardly ever to its reduction.

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