This Report presents the results of the fourth R&D Survey that the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (CeSTII) has conducted for the Department of Science and Technology, namely the 2005/06 Survey of Inputs into Research and Experimental Development (R&D). The 2005/06 R&D Survey is a benchmark survey in that it is the last before the enhanced R&D tax incentive that came into effect on 2 November 2006. As previously, the survey methodology follows the OECD Frascati Manual guidelines. The questionnaire included standard items as well as inquiring more deeply into staff demographics, R&D collaboration, higher education funding, research in the areas emphasized in the South African R&D Strategy of 2002, as well as in the emerging areas of biotechnology and nanotechnology.